The Opposite Sex Essay Example for Free

The Opposite Sex Essay In the cutting edge period, guys may get uncalled for in giving out remarks to females for their activities, while ladies may likewise get inclination in their judgment to men. It’s amusing now and again how our judgment bombs us. Our capacity to see into things devalues into lesser pieces of idiocy. We wind up being difficult, to make sure we could be conflicting. We aimlessly will our approach to rash decisions and absurdities. Since things are minimal cloudy, explanations are normal more than all else. However the most that could explain this issue is the paper â€Å"Opposite Sex† by Seven Dorloff. The characters from the paper were understudies who were allowed to record their encounters if they somehow happened to estrange themselves from their own personality and go about as their other gender for one day. Different responses came out. Some were amped up for it, while others were placated. The creator entitled his understudies the opportunity to turn into their other gender. Similarly, he gave his class the choice to make his/her insightful inclination with regards to what sexual orientation they undoubtedly needed to become following a one-day experience of turning into their other gender. The article additionally indicated an examination of sex. Be that as it may, it doesn't recommend segregation between the two in light of the fact that nobody endured deride why they were encountering to turn into their other gender. He didn't confine the choices accessible to his understudies like somebody who may want to have an unexpected sex in comparison to his/her standard thing (Gumisai Mutume). He neither shortened the law based rights to compose and to pick by diminishing the accessibility of the alternatives. Be that as it may, the creator didn't plan to radically adjust his students’ tastes. Similarly that an individual with an alternate direction must not be dealt with any not quite the same as individual with other direction since we think they’re unique. Regardless of how they hang out in their decision of direction, in design sense and in whatever methods for correlation; still they are the same from us. Sufficiently genuine, having conceived as their sex, they will consistently be the sexual orientation they were at first. On the off chance that they will oppose their sex, they will risk losing their character since they will be alienated and thrown away from their locale. They appreciate a level of opportunity in their sexual orientation adherence however they can’t totally isolate and escape from their unique sex. Let’s comprehend that being an alternate sexual orientation is another classification; it’s another quality that requirements separate space. It’s not being aloof; it’s being an appearance of who you truly are and who you needed to become (Julie Mullins). Being an alternate sexual orientation anyway doesn't imply that the individual you have been before is unlikeable, it’s being appreciating what life can offer. Since, the understudies were allowed to turn into their other gender; they accepted the open door notwithstanding the way that they can just become guys/females through pen. Ultimately, the creator had the option to clarify that regardless of how extraordinary your sex is, you can at present live in a world without disapproving of pundits. On the off chance that we don’t mind our sexual orientations, that would do us all the more great. It’s regard that we as a whole need. Its regard that we guarantee liberally, it’s regard we give hesitantly. Work Cited Mullins, Julie. â€Å"Gender Discrimination.† 2008. Youngsters In Need, Inc. 15 September 2008 http://www.childreninneed.org/magazine/gender.html#Anchor-Girls-35882 â€Å"Gender Equality.† 31 March 2008. Canadian International Development Agency. 15 September 2008 http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/CIDAWEB/acdicida.nsf/En/REN-218125542-Q37

Summary response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Outline reaction paper - Essay Example Moreau, the exemplary sci-fi novel by acclaimed creator Herbert George Wells in which creatures and people were joined into one another in different blends, delivering rather a particular class of sub-people. Anything that is considered as pitiless, surprising or excruciating experimentation on creatures is presently precluded because of the appropriation of these moral measures as a protect against unapproved tests. Moral morals has been around for a long while; the issues identified with it had been talked about in extraordinary detail by the antiquated Greek thinkers. Morals today has gone into numerous zones of human undertakings, for example, its expanding selection by worldwide organizations as corporate social obligation that has tempered the quest for benefits under entrepreneur free markets. Monster walks in clinical innovations just decently as of late introduced another arrangement of good problems, for which individuals are in some cases not very arranged to manage, issue s like killing, fetus removal, organ gifts, cerebrum passing, palliative medication and the substitute pregnancy pattern in which more ladies are currently ready to lease their bellies for a charge. In such manner, this paper looks at the biomedical issues identified with whether creatures likewise have indistinguishable rights from individuals and the legitimacy of keeping leading examinations on creatures. Conversation In his all around contended article entitled â€Å"The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research† and distributed in The New England Journal of Medicine in 1986, Carl Cohen claims that creature tests should proceed in light of the fact that the contentions against them, that the creatures have rights which are being abused and every aware animal must not endure torment or any sort of pointless or avoidable anguish, are both wrong from an ethical viewpoint. His brief clarifications exposed the two contentions set forward by basic entitlements advocate s based on creatures having no rights at all since they have no ethical ability to settle on any decisions or give assent, and besides, the creatures â€Å"are not fit for getting a handle on the sweeping statement of a moral reason in a functional syllogism† and it is just people who can think at an exceptionally dynamic level (Cohen 96). In view of this, he in this manner emphatically contends for creature tests to help science and humankind, with the expectation that these examinations will have the option to give benefits for patients new medication revelations just as likewise saving people from being utilized in biomedical research concentrates as the subjects themselves, in lieu of creatures. A nearby investigation will show that Prof. Cohen inclines towards utilitarianism as his support. I don't concur nor acknowledge the position of Prof. Carl Cohen that creatures have no rights. The contention he utilized is that of speciesism, which he didn't compare with bigotry o r sexism as it is something completely extraordinary through and through. What he is doing is verging on trick (or hair parting) and he is in like manner similarly liable of similar allegations he had leveled against his faultfinders, basically that of â€Å"drawing a hostile good decision from an intentionally contrived verbal parallelism that is absolutely specious.† Cohen contended that creature species are not the equivalent and along these lines don't have similar rights in an equivalent measure, but instead that Peter Singer is terribly mixed up to define and safeguard his â€Å"principle of equivalent thought of interests†

Walk Tour

Walk Tour Walk Tour Home›Descriptive Posts›Walk Tour Descriptive PostsPark Avenue was formerly known as Fourth Avenue. Being a wide boulevard, it carries traffic in New York municipality of Manhattan. Most of its length matches with Madison Avenue to the east and Lexington Avenue to the west. At the middle of the Avenue are flowers and greenery that are maintained by the Fund for Park Avenue, The road that leads to Park Avenue has its origin from the Bowery (White Willensky, 2000).The Avenue is known by its original name, Fourth Avenue, from Cooper square, which is in 8th Street to Union Square at 14th Street. It turns north east above 14th Street to align itself with other avenues according to the Commissioners’ Plan of 1811. As the road proceeds from 14th to 17th Street, an eastern boundary of Union Square known as Union Square East is formed and merges with Broadways by its southbound lanes. From 17thto 32nd Street, the road is known as Park Avenue South while the remainder of it is the Park Avenue.A move northward along the Park Avenue especially on Sundays reveals so much about it. As one moves towards the north of this Park, they are bound to pass through Lexington Avenue to the east. To the east of Lexington Avenue is the 3rd Avenue, which runs parallel with a number of streets, among them 85th to 105th Streets. This paper focuses on the distance between these two streets which a mile apart by exploring its population, environment, wealth and apartments.The 85th Street is a Westbound Street that runs from East End Avenue to the Riverside Drive. It provides access to the 85th/86th Street Transverse. This Transverse runs through Central Park from east to west. On a normal Sunday sunny afternoon, there is no much activity going on in this street. Except for the usual shops, there are no high-rise apartments safe for The Jeffersons apartment in the Third Avenue. There is also the Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun, a very old synagogue built in 1872. There is also a school, Ramaz School that shares the same apartment with the synagogue. The West of this street has the Mannes Music College.The 86th Street is almost a contrast to the preceding one. Here, there are two landmark churches, the Tuscan Renaissance Saint Paul and Andrew United Methodist Church located at the corner of West End Avenue. There is also the Romanesque Revival West-Park Presbyterian Church situated at the corner of Amsterdam Avenue. It follows suit that with such a number of churches, this street will be almost impassable during a Sunday afternoon courtesy of congregates from their respective churches. M86 buses serve a majority of this street. Other means of transport include the New York Subway line 1 2 trains at Broadway, A B C trains at Central Park and 4 5 6 trains at Lexington Avenue.As one moves further to the north of the Park Avenue, there is the also the 87th Street which runs from the east side of Manhattan to the west end at Neu Gallerie. A prominent feature o f this street is the Belnord New York Hotel at the intersection of it and Amsterdam Avenue. The apartments in this street are quite expensive given that it is habited by affluent citizens. This explains why there are a number of conspicuous ‘For Sale’ signs in some of the houses as one goes through the street. There are also rent advertisements with the figures exhibiting the characteristics of a rich neighborhood. This street is very clean with the corner no litter around or garbage that is rotten by a kerb. The corner litter is also testifies this. The means of transport are cabs given that a good number of its residents have their own means of transport.As the walk proceeds further north, one meets the 86th Street. This Street runs from the Carl Schurz Park in the East River Drive to the Guggenheim Museum at the 5th Avenue.  Just like the preceding street, this is an affluent neighborhood with very expensive apartments as evident from ‘for sale’ and rental signs. Being a Sunday afternoon, one cannot miss the congregation from the Holy Trinity Church with children clinging to their parents, a sign that most probably they have spent the whole week with nannies and are now missing them. The condition of the roads is not too bad but it is not as that of the 87th Street which was a quite good. Once again, the street is not served by any means public transport and relies on cabs or personal means of communication.The 89th Street is the next stop after the 88th one. As is the case with the preceding ones, it proceeds from the east side at the East River Drive towards the 5th Avenue to the west (Google Maps, 2011). This street has several public buildings key among them being schools. These are the Dalton School, the Dwight School and the Abraham Joshua Heschel School. It runs through three neighborhoods namely Yorkville, Upper West Side and CarnegieSandwiched between Park Avenue and Madison Avenue is the magnificent Roman Catholic Church of St. Thomas Mor e. Again, congregates are slowly flowing from church on this summer Sunday. Most of them are obviously driving home given the affluence of the residents in the surrounding neighborhoods to this Street. Such include spectacular apartments of Queen Anne Style that are a common feature along this street and especially in the blocks between the Lexington Avenue and the Third Avenue.A move further move east of the Manhattan  region of New York up and one lands on the 90th Street . This is only a continuation of the 89th Street in terms of apartments, the population. The affluence of its inhabitants is quite obvious given that it is habited by young professional who are not ready for the hustle and bustle of the interior New York City. Nannies pushing trolls after an afternoon shopping can be seen leaving the shopping centers. The street is lined with green beautiful trees and the environment is clean since there are no unpleasant smells from a neglected litterbin or garbage disposed in undesignated places.A few yards northward of the 90th Street is the 91st Street. This street runs from the York Avenue to the East towards the 5th Avenue in the west of Park Avenue where it ends opposite Cooper Hewitt-National Design Museum (Google Maps). It has nothing out of the ordinary in comparison to the preceding streets in this borough. The buildings are the same magnificent apartments owned or rented by the young professionals who inhabit these neighborhoods. A few of them are on sale and the prices are a true testimony that this is not a Tom and Jerry neighborhood.The walk would be incomplete without passing through the 92nd Street, which starts from the York Avenue and runs all the way to the 5th Avenue. This street is home to a variety of key destinations while in Manhattan.   At its beginning at the east most part is the American Society Center for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (A.S.P.C.A). At its end in the western part of Park Avenue is the Nightingale Bamford School for women. Sandwiched between this street and the preceding one are the New York Sports Clubs (Google Maps).As a matter of fact, the 92nd Street Y is located in this street. This is a multi-cultural institution and community center. The full name of this multi-faceted society is the 92nd Street Young Men’s and Women’s Hebrew Association. It was founded in 1874 by professionals and businesspersons from German and Jewish countries. Though it is grounded on Jewish principles, this organization serves close to 300,000 people of all races and faiths per year. Its main programs include lectures and panel discussions, humanities classes, dance performances, camps, singles programs, Jewish culture and education among many others.As the walk ends to the 105th Street, a number of features are notable. In the 94th Street, for instance is the Wanderers Inn, a recent hotel in New York that is between Lexington Avenue and Third Avenue. Anther conspicuous and controversial feature of th is upper east of Manhattan is the Islamic Culture Center of New York between the 96th and 97th Street. There is also the Monetary Public Garden between these two Streets. The preceding streets have not been served by any means of public transport but in between the 94th and 95 street is a subway terminal for the 4 6 6 trains. These trains also have another terminal in between the 104th and 105th Streets. In the 105th Street, there is the Bally Total Fitness center near Goliath RF (Google Maps).One Striking characteristic of the neighborhoods encompassed by theses streets is the language spoken by the residents. It has no explicit slang commonly featured in ghetto inhabitants but has a relative form of formality. As the above descriptions profoundly reveal, the upper eastern part of Manhattan is an area almost tailor-made for the young professionals as the neighborhoods are serene, the environment is well conserved with ever-green trees lining most of the streets. The inhabitants of these neighborhoods are therefore single or middle-aged Yorkers who have one or two kids as revealed from the nannies who occasionally push them around in trolls as seen from this walk. This part of New York can thus be recommended for those growing families who need to break away from the noisy and industrial city center and above all- who can avoid the life here.

The Argument For The Existence Of God - 1674 Words

I do not find the three arguments I analyzed satisfactory for the existence of God. The existence of God simply cannot be proven. Regardless of how strong a person’s faith is, or how many miracles they claim to have witnessed, God can only ever be a possibility. First, I will discuss why Pascal’s wager is not a satisfying argument for the existence of God. I will then examine C.D. Broad’s â€Å"Argument for the Existence of God†, and why it is also not a satisfying argument for the existence of God. Finally, I will discuss St. Thomas Aquinas’ first cause argument, which is a more reasonable argument for the existence of God. Pascal’s wager is not as much of an argument as to why God exists; rather, it is a rationalization of why it is beneficial for people to believe in God. He gives four main options for his wager: God exists. God does not exist. I believe in God. I do not believe in God. If God exists, and you believe in God, you will go to Heaven. If God exists, and you do not believe, you will go to Hell. If God does not exist and you believe in God, you will live a happy life, because you have faith in something greater than yourself (it provides an explanation for inexplicable events). If God does not exist and you do not believe in God, nothing will happen. According to this argument, regardless of whether or not God exists, you will lead a better life believing in Him. If you do not believe in God (atheism), you will either gain nothing, because He does notShow MoreRelatedThe Argument On The Existence Of God1629 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of God has been a part of man’s history for centuries. Since time began there has been various combination of believers, and non-believers. Individuals who believes in God, belong to many different religion. Whereas, skeptics find the existence of God somewhat baffling, and have continually sought answers to His existence through scientific methods. As the world progresses in scientific, and technological advancement, the human race still faces the question of God’s existence. Many philosophersRead MoreThe Arguments For The Existence Of God1056 Words   |  5 Pages16 November 2015 Rough Draft for The arguments for the Existence of God. The question Does God Exist? is a well-known asked question in the world. Most people believe they know the answer to it. The religious people would say, well of course he does, while the non-religious people or atheist would say no He does not exist. Because evil exist and chaos exists, God cannot be all-powerful. In the modern world, there are many different opinions as to whether a God exists or not. This has been an issueRead MoreArguments For The Existence Of God974 Words   |  4 PagesArguments for the existence of God through critical thinking and rationalization are called ontological, cosmological, teleological, or pragmeatic arguments. The most widely known of such arguments is that of St. Anselm from Proslogium of St. Anselm, which states that God is considered a perfect being unlike humans or any other world subject. The fact that he is perfect in a world of imperfection proves his existence. God is also the highest conceivable idea of perfection, and thereforeRead MoreThe Existence Of God : An Argument881 Words   |  4 PagesThe Existence of God The philosophical arguments presented in this document are not of religious text, nor scientific observation or established fact. Rather the premise of this God proof is bring together and share the various theories on which other God proofs have established foundations. I have heard it quoted that â€Å"Philosophy goes where hard science can t, or won t. Philosophers have a license to.† Therefore, with this in mind, I attest that it is more than problematic to construct anRead MoreArguments on the Existence of God602 Words   |  2 PagesGod’s existence may actually depend upon our belief in his existence but it is more plausible to believe that God exists using the different types of arguments such as the cosmological argument and ontological argument, Leibniz and the Principle of Sufficient Reason and the Problem of Evil, and the definition of basic belief as evidence. The Cosmological argument can be simplified into three reasons that everything that begins to exist has a cause; the universe began to exist, therefore the universeRead MoreArguments For The Existence Of God1137 Words   |  5 PagesArguments for the existence of God come in many different forms; some draw on history, some on science, some on personal experience, and some on philosophy. Descartes offered two arguments towards the existence of God: an informal proof in the third meditation and the ontological proof in the fifth meditation. Descartes believed that with the employment of a rational method of inquiry which applied some of the methods of analytic geometry to the study of philosophy, our ability to attain certaintyRead MoreThe Argument Of The Existence Of God1480 Words   |  6 PagesThe arguments trying to â€Å"prove† the existence of God are by far some of the most controversial philosophical arguments out there. When some of the people who created these philo sophies it was illegal or even punishable by death to even question his existence, let alone try to come up with a logical explanation to â€Å"prove† he is real. The two main arguments used today are the ontological argument and the cosmological argument. Neither one of these arguments are correct nor incorrect; moreover, theRead MoreThe Arguments For The Existence Of God940 Words   |  4 Pagesp. 209, question# 1 Among the numerous arguments for the existence of God, the argument of design stands as the most persuasive in terms of providing a logical basis for the absolute presence of God. This argument is concerned with the intricate nature of creation and existence: one must believe that there is a Supreme Being that designed the characteristics and features of every existing thing in the entire universe, both living and non-living. The precise and complicated design of the universeRead MoreThe Argument For The Existence Of God1411 Words   |  6 PagesMy paper scrutinizes numerous logical disputes for and alongside the presence of God. I shall argue that there’s no adequate evidence or inclusive arguments for the existence of God. It is grounded on the views of certain great philosophers and scientists of all of mankind. Generally speaking for myself, I would correspond to have faith that there is â€Å"God†. Regrettably, it’s awfully well-defined that the being built up on insightful faith is no longer a suitable custom to shadow. During the courseRead MoreThe Cosmological Argument For The Existence Of God Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pagesconcerning the existence of God. If God exists, we probably have to make him accountable. The universe would probably have a meaning and a purpose. Also, our very existence may not be cease after physical death. But if God does not exist, we are probably here by chance and we have no accountability to any transcendent. This life is probably all we have, so we should live as we please. The question arises - Does God exist? At first glance, it seems contradictory to prove the existence of something

The Natural Disaster Of California - 1641 Words

Most societal problems can be easy to identify such as a rise in crime or the effects of a natural disaster such as an earthquake. There is a natural disaster that is currently facing the state of California in particular which is much harder to overcome – the drought. According to state government officials, California is experiencing one of the driest decades in recorded history and the drought is so severe that the governor, Jerry Brown, declared a state of emergency in 2014 because of it. Since the state of emergency, governor issued the first regulatory policy through Executive Order B-29-15 on April 1st 2015 to fight the drought. A drought is unique in that it is very hard to determine when the problem actually started and when it is expected to end since periods of wet weather are almost impossible to know for sure. Therefore, policy to fight the drought can be very tricky seeing that officials really don’t know when the problem will end and therefore, how much t o spend in time and resources to combat it now. This isn’t the first drought California experiences and therefore there are certainly lessons that can be learned from the past and from other countries that have experienced severe droughts (Saharan Africa and Australia). However, in terms of assessing drought policy, this paper will strictly focus on analyzing the development, implementation, and outcomes of Executive Order B-29-15 following the assumption of Leslie Pal (2014, p. 97) who states that â€Å"the coreShow MoreRelatedReducing the Impact of Natural Disasters868 Words   |  4 PagesNatural Disasters are unfortunate events that can occur at any moment, anywhere in the world and have a huge effect on the landscape and the society being hit. Natural Disasters can occur due to the many natural causes such as earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis, floods, cyclones, landslides or due to some man-made causes such as forest fires or the use of nuclear weapons. Civil Engineeri ng structures such as buildings, bridges, roads, dams, reservoirs, levees and other structures are severely damagedRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Golden State1633 Words   |  7 Pages originality and beauty. Boosters of the region sold California as a romantic destination that rivaled scenarios from the country it tried to emulate, Spain. This imagination brought forth growth, both economically and socially, to cities like Los Angeles but with danger and controversy in their way. In the process of building a defining image for California, these boosters embraced but erased the people and cultures that existed in California before the arrival of the Anglos. They essentially tookRead MoreMedia In Media767 Words   |  4 Pagessame goal. And that is to distribute information with a bias. This goes for media representation in natural disasters as well. Often times, there are many aspects that are at play during a disaster, that are overlooked. It is up to the consumer to research what c auses or consequences the specific source is hiding or highlighting about a topic, especially a disaster. The article â€Å"Cleanup From California Fires poses Environmental and Health Risks† by Kirk Johnson does just that. Without looking at theRead MoreHealth Care Administrator Of A Hospital909 Words   |  4 PagesDisasters as we know it comes on suddenly without warning, it can happen anywhere, anytime or at any hour. In order to regain control of an event is to be prepared at all times. Often, danger occurs, leaving many lives unprepared for catastrophes or misfortunes. As a Health Care Administrator of a hospital it is important to be prepared at all times, not only is it a duty, but it is the job of the Administrator to ensure the safety of its patients at all times. Therefore, it is the Administrator’sRead MoreEssay On Northern Califolivilles800 Words   |  4 PagesSummary Recently Northern California had deadly wildfires that caused homes to be destroyed. The rebuild could take years and there will be many difficulties along the way. There is a shortage of skilled labors who can help rebuild the homes and the materials needed to rebuild could rise. There is also concern that a shortage of supplies may occur. Northern California has very strict environmental and building regulations, but the governor has lessened these regulations in order to make the rebuildRead MoreNo Fracking in California820 Words   |  3 Pages No Fracking In California How does California get its natural gas? Well California gets its natural gas by a process known as fracking. Fracking is the process of extracting natural gas from shale rock layers deep within Earth’s ground. Fracking is also known as hydraulic fracturing which releases high pressured liquid into the ground to withdraw oil or gas. Fracking makes it possible for the Earth’s commercial, residential, and industrial uses to help people live a better life. For Example,Read MoreClimate Change And Global Warming Essay1659 Words   |  7 PagesClimate Change: A New Subject in School? Carmela Roque US Government period 3 Mr. Wootten Mercy High School Burlingame September 29, 2016 The Earth has always been undergoing climate change. Extreme weather, natural disasters, and global warming are a few examples of current climate changes. To help prevent this, the Climate Change Education act was introduced by Ed Markey, a democrat from Massachusetts. The main goal of this act was to educate the citizens aboutRead MoreModule 1 SLP: Three Types of Disasters or Emergencies672 Words   |  3 PagesThree Types of Disasters or Emergencies Emergencies and disasters can happen anywhere in the world at any time. One way to minimize casualties and ensures a quick recovery by a community is to have a proper Emergency Preparedness Plan in place for each particular local area. This report will discuss an Emergency Preparedness Plan for San Diego, California. The three most anticipated disasters that happen in this area are earthquakes, fires, and mudslides. All of these disasters have impacted SanRead MoreThe Santiago Park Neighborhood Community And City Officials Incase Incident Of Attack And Or Natural Disaster1229 Words   |  5 Pagesassessment report is to bring awareness to the residents of the Santiago Park Neighborhood Community and City Officials incase incident of attack and or natural disaster. This risk assessment is focusing on the possible intendent on the neighborhood and or the neighborhoods road network. This report will show how if an attack and or natural disaster does occur where key failure to the comm unity might occur and might cause problematic incidents for first responders to help or have access to the communityRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Local Farms738 Words   |  3 Pagesproduce from local farms are known as locavores. Buying produce locally may have a positive impact on the local community; however, it could have a negative toll on the overall factors such as the economy, natural resource endowments, and transportation, potentially leading to a global disaster. Local farms may have a positive impact within the local community; however this needs to be viewed through an overall perspective. It may be beneficial for a community, however it could potentially cause

Radical Free Essays

INTRODUCTION Jawaharlal Nehru was born on 14 November 1889. He died on 27 May 1964. He was an Indian statesman who was the first (and to date the longest-serving) prime minister of India, from 1947 until 1964. We will write a custom essay sample on Radical or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the leading figures in the Indian independence movement, Nehru was elected by the Congress Party to assume office as independent India’s first Prime Minister, and re-elected when the Congress Party won India’s first general election in 1952. As one of the founders of the Non-aligned Movement, he was also an important figure in the international politics of the post-war era. He is frequently referred to as Pandit Nehru (â€Å"pandit† being a Sanskrit and Hindi honorific meaning â€Å"scholar† or â€Å"teacher†) and, specifically in India, as Panditji (with â€Å"-ji† being a honorific suffix). The son of a wealthy Indian barrister and politician, Motilal Nehru, Nehru became a leader of the left wing of the Indian National Congress when still fairly young. Rising to become Congress President, under the mentorship of Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru was a charismatic and radical leader, advocating complete independence from the British Empire. In the long struggle for Indian independence, in which he was a key player, Nehru was eventually recognized as Gandhi’s political heir. Throughout his life, Nehru was also an advocate for Fabian socialism and the public sector as the means by which long-standing challenges of economic development could be addressed by poorer nations. PERSONAL LIFE AND EDUCATION Jawaharlal Nehru was born to Motilal Nehru (1861–1931) and Swaroop Rani (1863–1954) in a Kashmiri Pandit family. Nehru was educated in India and Britain. In England, he attended the independent boy’s school, Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. During his time in Britain, Nehru was also known as Joe Nehru. On 8 February, 1916, Nehru married seventeen year old Kamala Kaul. In the first year of the marriage, Kamala gave birth to their only child, Indira Priyadarshini. Life and career Nehru raised the flag of independent India in New Delhi on 15 August 1947, the day India gained Independence. Nehru’s appreciation of the virtues of parliamentary democracy, secularism and liberalism, coupled with his concerns for the poor and underprivileged, are recognized to have guided him in formulating socialist policies that influence India to this day. They also reflect the socialist origins of his worldview. He is sometimes referred to as the â€Å"Architect of Modern India†. His daughter, Indira Gandhi, and grandson, Rajiv Gandhi, also served as Prime Ministers of India. Successor to gandhi On 15 January 1941 Gandhiji said, â€Å"Some say Pandit Nehru and I were estranged. It will require much more than difference of opinion to estrange us. We had differences from the time we became co-workers and yet I have said for some years and say so now that not Rajaji but Jawaharlal will be my successor. † Finalyears Nehru had led the Congress to a major victory in the 1957 elections, but his government was facing rising problems and criticism. Disillusioned by intra-party corruption and bickering, Nehru contemplated resigning but continued to serve. The election of his daughter Indira as Congress President in 1959 aroused criticism for alleged nepotism, although actually Nehru had disapproved of her election, partly because he considered it smacked of â€Å"dynasties†; he said, indeed it was â€Å"wholly undemocratic and an undesirable thing†, and refused her a position in his cabinet. Indira herself was at loggerheads with her father over policy; most notably, she used his oft-stated personal deference to the Congress Working Committee to push through the dismissal of the Communist Party of India government in the state of Kerala, over his own objections. Nehru began to be frequently embarrassed by her ruthlessness and disregard for parliamentary tradition, and was â€Å"hurt† by what he saw as an assertiveness with no purpose other than to stake out an identity independent of her father. Although the Pancha Sila (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) was the basis of the 1954 Sino-Indian treaty over Tibet, in later years, Nehru’s foreign policy suffered through increasing Chinese antagonism over border disputes and Nehru’s decision to grant asylum to the Dalai Lama. After years of failed negotiations, Nehru authorized the Indian Army to annex Goa from Portugal in 1961. While increasing his popularity, Nehru received criticism for opting for military action. In the 1962 elections, Nehru led the Congress to victory yet with a diminished majority. Opposition parties ranging from the right-wing Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party, socialists and the Communist Party of India performed well. In a matter of months, the border disputes with China turned into open conflict. Nehru assumed that as former victims of imperialism (India being a colony itself) they shared a sense of solidarity, as expressed in the phrase â€Å"Hindi-Chini bhai bhai† (Indians and Chinese are brothers). He was dedicated to the ideals of brotherhood and solidarity among developing nations. Nehru, credulously, did not believe that one fellow Socialist country would attack another; and in any event, he felt secure behind the impregnable wall of ice that is the Himalayas. Both proved to be severe miscalculations of China’s intentions and military capabilities. Following reports of his intention to confront Chinese occupation of the disputed areas – summarised in a memorable statement that he had asked the Army to â€Å"throw them (Chinese) out† – China launched a pre-emptive attack. In a matter of days, a Chinese invasion of northeastern India exposed the weaknesses of India’s military as Chinese forces came as far as Assam. Widely criticized for his government’s insufficient attention to defence, Nehru was forced to sack the defence minister Krishna Menon and seek U. S. military aid. Nehru’s health began declining steadily, and he was forced to spend months recuperating in Kashmir through 1963. Some historians attribute this dramatic decline to his surprise and chagrin over the invasion of India by the Chinese, which he perceived as a betrayal of trust. Upon his return from Kashmir in May 1964, Nehru suffered a stroke and later a heart attack. He died in the early hours of 27 May 1964. Nehru was cremated in accordance with Hindu rites at the Shantivana on the banks of the Yamuna River, witnessed by hundreds of thousands of mourners who had flocked into the streets of Delhi and the cremation grounds. LEGACY As India’s first Prime minister and external affairs minister, Jawaharlal Nehru played a major role in shaping modern India’s government and political culture along with sound foreign policy. He is praised for creating a system providing universal primary education, reaching children in the farthest corners of rural India. Nehru’s education policy is also credited for the development of world-class educational institutions such as the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Indian Institutes of Technology, and the Indian Institutes of Management. In addition, Nehru’s stance as an unfailing nationalist led him to also implement policies which stressed commonality among Indians while still appreciating regional diversities. This proved particularly important as post-Independence differences surfaced since British withdrawal from the subcontinent prompted regional leaders to no longer relate to one another as allies against a common adversary. While differences of culture and, especially, language threatened the unity of the new nation, Nehru established programs such as the National Book Trust and the National Literary Academy which promoted the translation of regional literatures between languages and also organized the transfer of materials between regions. In pursuit of a single, unified India, Nehru warned, â€Å"Integrate or How to cite Radical, Essay examples

The Environmental Change and the Collapse of Easter Island Essay Example

The Environmental Change and the Collapse of Easter Island Paper After that we will talk about the underlying process where we will discuss the actions of the assumptions of he actors goals, the theory Of the action implied and the initial conditions. We will finish with a conclusion. In his first chapter proposed the author, Jarred Diamond, five contributing factors for understanding environmental collapses. These five factors are damage, climate change, hostile neighbors, friendly trade partners and the societies respond to its environmental problems. We can use these factors to explain the collapse of the Easter Island. Firstly, there was much damage done to the environment by the inhabitants. Jarred Diamond states that the extent and reversibility of the damage depends on properties of both the people and the environment. In Easter Island, the inhabitants mainly cut trees for burning firewood, cleaning gardens, to cremate bodies and making seaworthy canoes. This led to an extreme example of deforestation. But, not only did the inhabitants destroy many trees, they also had the bad luck to be living on one of the islands with the highest risk for deforestation. In the book, nine environmental causes for deforestation are mentioned, and the Easter Islands had to deal with all of these 9 factors. The variations in rainfall and latitude, the fact that it is a dry island and that it is a cooler island farther room the equator contributed mostly to the deforestation. Another contributing factor was the overheating of birds. After a while there were no birds left and the Easter Islanders had to turn to other things to eat. The second reasons Jarred Diamond mentions is climate change. With climate change he does not mean global warming, but the fact that climate may vary between months or years. We will write a custom essay sample on The Environmental Change and the Collapse of Easter Island specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Environmental Change and the Collapse of Easter Island specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Environmental Change and the Collapse of Easter Island specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The problem is that in the time of the Easter Island most people only lived long enough to witness one climate, and not for example a time of plenty and a time of little rain. The inhabitants of he island therefore had no firsthand memory of a previous period of little or plenty rain. Therefore, every time they had to come up with a new strategy because they did not know an Old strategy. Another problem with good and bad decades is that after a good period there is too much population to be supported, and after a bad time there are not enough people to deal with a climate change. There is not much known about the climate changes at Easter Island. But, we do know that the population changed a few times because of kidnapping and different epidemics. This means that although there may eave not been a lot of climate change, there was a constant change in the number of people living on the island who may have not known how to deal with different circumstances. The third and fourth factor Diamond mentions are hostile neighbors and trade partners. But, because Easter Island was an island almost completely isolated from the rest of the world , these factors cannot have played an important role in the collapse of the island. Although in the book is mentioned that the Easter Islanders sometimes had visitors, these visits were not regularly enough to be considered as a big influence. The last, and probably most important, factor is how society deals with the environment. As discussed above in the damage section, the inhabitants cut down many trees for several reasons and they destroyed different animal populations. But the political, social and religious factors behind the impacts are also of importance. The Easter Island Was divided into a dozen of territories were chiefs and there commoners lived. Every territory had their task, based on their valuable resource. Between the territories was a constant competition of building the most impressive platforms and statues. Building hose statues took them not only much effort, but it also required trees for wood, rope and timber. This contributed to the deforestation of the Easter Island. Unusual was, that although the territories competed with each other, they were integrated religiously and also economically and politically. The chiefs and priests on the island had promised to deliver beautiful harvest. Once the environmental situation on the island got worse and all the food was gone, the inhabitants of the island turned to the only food left: humans. But, not only the political system was destroyed, along with the chiefs power he religion got discarded. Based on the text above we formulated the following research question: How did the environmental changes cause the collapsing of Easter Island? To begin with, we will discuss the actions of the actors on micro level and the outcomes on the macro level. The people on Easter Island needed wood for heating, cremating bodies, gardening and for building and transporting the famous Easter statues. Therefore they used the resources on the island. But, because the island had to deal with lots of bad biological conditions, there was no reproducing of trees and animals. The deforestation led to biological changes, which caused the crop yields being decreased. When the forest on the island slowly disappeared, so did the sources of wild food. The most animal species on the island, in the air, and in the water surrounding it, became completely extinct due to a combination of overheating, deforestation, and predation by rats. After this environmental change, the inhabitants did not have enough resources left and because of the bad conditions they looked for alternatives like cannibalism. The cannibalism in combination with the lack of wood and food caused the decreasing of the population and the collapse of Easter Island. Coming back to our research question, we can state that the environmental change at Easter Island was mainly due to the behavior of the actors and not immediately caused by the initial conditions. The initial condition was the prosper of the island. There were enough resources for everyone, which allowed the statues to be made. People of the island were used to a high standard of life which meant they used a lot of resources and reproduced themselves, which allowed the population to grow. However, the people did tot consider the fact that the island was not able to reproduce enough resources.

Analysing The Islamic View About Homosexual Religion Essays

Analysing The Islamic View About Homosexual Religion Essays Analysing The Islamic View About Homosexual Religion Paper Analysing The Islamic View About Homosexual Religion Paper Homosexuality is non allowed in Islam. These are poetries in the Holly Book, Quran, where Allah clearly said about Homosexuality: We besides ( sent ) Lut: he said to his people: Do ye perpetrate obscenity such as no people in creative activity ( of all time ) committed before you? For ye pattern your lecherousnesss on work forces in penchant to adult females: ye are so a people offending beyond bounds. Holy Quran 7:80-81 Of all the animals in the universe will ye attack males . And leave those whom Allah has created for you to be your couples? Nay ye are a people offending ( all bounds ) ! Holy Quran 26:165-166 Explaination: This verses refer to the activities at Sodom and Gamorah. It seems to connote that there was no homosexual behaviour before it foremost appeared in Sodom. The transition besides links the wickedness of Sodom ( the cause of Sodom s devastation ) to homosexualism. The Quran prohibits any sexual relationship except in a matrimony between male and female. It is advised to take Homosexual as a trial of life and stamp down the feeling to follow God s jurisprudence in Islam. Some Islamic motion say that verses in Quran is can non be to the full acceptable for this modern society and besides claim that Quran speak about homosexual lecherousness but non homosexual love. These motion such as Al-Fatiha foundation and others accpet and condiser homosexual as natural. Note that, each Islamic state have their ain jurisprudence against Homosexual, nevertheless, some Islamic state do nt hold any jurisprudence against homosexual. State like Malaysia has it ain jurisprudence against Homosexual and the punishment for homosexual individual would be all right or 2 old ages imprisonate or both. Harmonizing to The Islam Society of North America, Dr. Muzammil Siddiqi, said: Homosexuality is a moral upset, a wickedness and corruptionaˆÂ ¦ No individual is born homosexual, merely like no 1 is born a stealer, a prevaricator or liquidator. Peoples get these evil wonts due to a deficiency of proper guideance and instruction. He besides said: There are many grounds why it is forbidden in Islam. Homosexuality is unsafe for the wellness of the persons and for the society. It is a chief cause of one of the most harmful and fatal diseases. It is scandalous for both work forces and adult females. It degrades a individual. Islam teaches that work forces should be work forces and adult females should be adult females. Homosexuality deprives a adult male of his manhood and a adult female of her muliebrity. It is the most un-natural manner of life. Homosexuality leads to the devastation of household life. In short, he really seeking to turn out that homosexualism is incorrect in Is lam and besides non healthy. All Islamic schools of idea and law consider homosexual acts to be improper but they differ in footings of punishment: School Location Punishment Hanfite South A ; Eastern Asia No physical penalty Hanbalites Arab universe Severe penalty Shafi Arab universe Minimum of four grownup male needed for informant before one is found guilty of homosexualism Decision, in Islam, it is clear that homosexual is incorrect and can non be accepted and pratise by Muslim and there is penalty of Muslim who practise. The punnishment besides differ in schools and Muslim who belong to a specific school will undergo the punishment that is warranted br that peculiar school. Christian position about Homosexual As Bible is the Holy Book for Christians, the Bible had talk about homosexualism in some poetries. Below is the illustration of some the poetries: Genesis 19:1-13 In this poetries, a narrative is mentioned here which is believed to hold a close relation with homosexual. The narrative is chiefly approximately two angels came to the metropoliss of Gomorah and Sodom. This metropoliss is full of sexual activities including homosexual activities and the people here is dominated by lecherousness. The people of this metropoliss come to cognize about the two angels is remaining in Lot s house and they want to hold sexual intercourse with them ( New Jerusalem Bible ) . After some arguements between Lot and the people, the two angel said to Lot that the ground the came to the metropoliss and it was to destruct the metropoliss which is ordered by Lord Leviticus 18:22-30 A ; Leviticus 20:13 The Book of Leviticus contains ordinances for workship and chiefly speak about the manner to Christian should populate and workship God. In these poetries, Book of Leviticus references about homosexual. There are other verse talk about this subject or related to this subject such as Roman 1:24-32. Unfortunately, some broad Christian do non take Bible as God s words or the narrative that teach the manner to populate but these Christian return Bible as a record by human. This belief is the ground why some Christian accept Homosexual eventhough it is stated clearly that Homosexual is incorrect in Bible. Homosexuality is accepted by some Christian denomination and the acception of homosexual twosome can be catogeries into allows as members, ordains, blesses brotherhood and marries. These are Homosexual acception of some denomiation: Denomiation Allows as members Ordains Blesses Union Marries Methodist Yes No No No Roman Catholic Church Yes ( but may perchance be denied sacraments since it varies ) No ( celibate homosexual work forces besides non to be ordained, adult females are restricted regardless of orientation ) No No Episcopal Yes Yes Yes Yes ( allows Bishops to make up ones mind ) [ Beginning from: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominational_positions_on_homosexuality ] Every Christianity denomiation have their ain grounds on why they adapt this type of acception on Homosexual. In conlusion, most of Chritianity denomiation does non accept homosexually to the full and Christian is bounded to his or her denomiation to mention on homosexual. However, in Bible, it is stated in many poetries that can be interpreted that homophile is incorrect and prohibited. Buddhism position about homosexual Buddha did non go forth any instruction neither about homosexual orientation nor homosexual behavior. He promote his follower to prove the truthness of spiritual learning before accepting them ; be a lamp onto yourself . Buddhism Teachs to make thing that utile and helpful, based on good purpose and and freedom from injury. There are some statements made from basic Buddhist priciples, which is Buddha s Eightfold Path. The second of the eight stairss is called as Samma sankappa: right thought or right resoluteness. When this measure is related to sexual behavior, it is explained as that it is non allowed to prosecute with enjoyable activities such as onanism and besides injury another individual. Other than that, 4th measure of the eight measure, Samma Kammanta ; right behavior or right behavior besides been related with sexual behavior. This measure is explained as that safe sex should be practise to avoid go throughing STDs which may do decease, engage with lone sex that has common consent, and avoid improper sex. From here, harmonizing to basic Buddhist rule, we can state that homosexual can be practise except if there is no common consent or it is improper and besides safe sex is non practise. Theravada Buddhism is one of the largest division of Buddhism. Theravada Buddhists say that if a relationship gives out felicity and wellbeing to both parties, so it is positive and can be accepted. Kerry Trembathe commented that Buddhist leaders grouped coercive sex, sexual harashment, child molestation and criminal conversation as sexuall misconduct but heterosexual and homosexual sex are accepted. Kerry Thembathe concludes: Unfortunately, it can non be said that homophiles in states where Buddhists are in the bulk are any more free from bias and favoritism than they are in other states. Everywhere it has taken root, Buddhism has absorbed facets of the dominant civilization, and this has sometimes been to its hurt. Neither is it true to state that people who espouse Buddhism are themselves any more free from prejudiced positions than those of other persuasions. However it is clear that there is nil in the Buddha s instructions to warrant disapprobation of homosexualism or homosexual Acts of the Apostless. It seems to me that many homosexuals and tribades, peculiarly in Western states, are drawn to Buddhism because of its tolerance and its reluctance to pull stiff moral lines, although of class I have no difficult grounds for this. The same rules would be used to measure all relationships and sexual behavior, whether heterosexual or homosexual. [ Beginning from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.relig ioustolerance.org/hom_budd.htm ] Hinduisme position about homosexual Homosexuality is a controversial issue within Hindus ecspecialy among Hindus in states where homosexually is accepted by and large. The celebrated Kama Sutra explained that homosexual sex is to be engaged in for its ain interest as humanistic disciplines. There are arguement is done on this subject against the Hinduism s instructions on sex, love and matrimony. In Hinduism, love is an external force which is of import to achieve Moksha. Erotic desire or Kama in Hinduism is one of the most legimate pleasances on Earth, nevertheless prenuptial sex and adulterous sex is prohibited. This is summarise of the arguemnt. Some people does non hold to accept homosexual and these are their points: Romantic love of course between work forces and adult females and it is impossible for homosexual people to see this love. Then, homosexual is a signifier of lecherousness ; since lecherousness is non right, therefore homosexual activities are non right. One of the three maps of matrimony is Prajaa, the offspring for prolongation of one s household. A homosexual twosome can non reproduce, and therefore can non be married. Since homosexual twosomes can non get married, they can non prosecute with sexual intercourse as premaritel and adulterous sex is incorrect. At the counter portion, they have their ain points and these are the points: There is no prove that show love is between work forces and adult females in Hindu. Therefore, it is non true. Hence, homosexual twosome can see love and non crave at all clip. The three maps of matrimony is from Dharma Shastras, books that non adhering to Hindus. Prajaa may be interpreted in a figure of ways that do non affect reproduction at all even if the three map is related to marriage. Thus homophiles should be allowed to get married. A loving relationship is encouraged to hold sexual look since it is non expreesion of lecherousness but love. Therefore, homosexual is loving relationship should let to show their love sexually. Sikhism position about Homosexuality The Guru Granth Sahib, The highest authorization in Sikhism, kept silent on homosexual subject, nevertheless there are parts of Guru Granth Sahib that have been interpreted that homosexual is incorrect. The five stealers that should avoided by Sikhs ; Pride ( aHankar ) , Anger ( Krodh ) , Greed ( LobH ) , Lust ( Khaaam ) and Attachment ( MoH ) are statedin the Guru Granth Sahib. Many Sikhs believe that homosexual is a merchandise of lecherousness, therefore homosexual is out. In mention to Sikhism s rejection on Indian caste system, Sikhs that born or raised in states that tolerant to homosexual describe homophile is the new Untouchables . These Sikhs besides believe that Guru Nanak s emphasisation on cosmopolitan quality and brotherhood supports homosexual rights. Any alternate manner of life is prohibited in household life ; one of Sikhism s most implicit in values. Most of Sikhs assume that this means homosexual is prohibited. Most of Sikh will seek to get the better of homosexual feeling by believing it is lust and marry opposite sex individual. This makes a belief that no homosexual Sikh. But those Sikh who support homosexual, say that household populating value is non merely for heterosexual twosome but besides applicable for homosexual twosome. In decision, most Sikh do non rehearse homosexual, nevertheless there is some Sikh who support the arguement about homosexual is non incorrect and pratise it. Decision Religion Acception of Homosexual Muslimism Not Accepted but a minority people accept homosexual and they have their ain arguement. Christian In Bible, homosexual is prohibited. Depend on Christianity denomiation whether homosexual is accepted or non and besides the grade of acception. Hindism A controversual issue ; some accept and some non and they have their ain arguement on their acception. Buddhism Alike as Hinduism ; some accept but some non. Sikhism Most of Sikh do non accept but a minority people accept it.

The Yellow Turban Rebellion in China

The Yellow Turban Rebellion in China The people of Han China reeled under a crushing tax load, famine, and floods, while at court, a group of corrupt eunuchs wielded power over the decadent and hapless Emperor Ling.  Chinas government demanded ever more taxes from the peasantry to fund fortifications along the Silk Road, and also to build sections of the Great Wall of China in order to fend off nomads from the Central Asian steppes. As natural and barbarian disasters plagued the land, the followers of a Taoist sect led by Zhang Jue decided that the Han Dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven.  The only cure for Chinas ills was a rebellion and the establishment of a new imperial dynasty.  The rebels wore yellow scarves wrapped around their heads - and the Yellow Turban Rebellion was born. The Origins of the Yellow Turban Rebellion Zhang Jue was a healer and some said a magician.  He spread his messianic religious ideas through his patients; many of them were poor farmers who received free treatments from the charismatic doctor. Zhang used magical amulets, chanting, and other practices derived from Taoism in his cures. He preached that in the year 184 CE, a new historical era would begin known as the Great Peace. By the time the rebellion broke out in 184, Zhang Jues sect had 360,000 armed followers, mostly from the peasantry but also including some local officials and scholars.   Before Zhang could set his plan into motion, however, one of his disciples went to the Han capital at Luoyang and revealed the plot to overthrow the government. Everyone in the city identified as a Yellow Turban sympathizer was executed, more than 1,000 of Zhangs followers, and court officials marched out to arrest Zhang Jue and his two brothers. Hearing the news, Zhang ordered his followers to start the uprising immediately. An Eventful Uprising Yellow Turban factions in eight different provinces rose up and attacked government offices and garrisons. Government officials ran for their lives; the rebels destroyed towns and seized armories.  The imperial army was too small and incompetent to deal with the wide-spread threat posed by the Yellow Turban Rebellion, so local warlords in the provinces built their own armies to put down the rebels.  At some point during the ninth month of the year 184, Zhang Jue died while leading the defenders of the besieged city of Guangzhong.  He likely died of disease; his two younger brothers died in battle with the imperial army later that year. Despite the early deaths of their top leaders, smaller groups of the Yellow Turbans continued to fight for another twenty years, whether motivated by religious fervor or simple banditry. The most important consequence of this on-going popular rebellion was that it exposed the weakness of the central government and led to the growth of warlordism in different provinces around China.  The rise of warlords would contribute to the coming civil war, the dissolution of the Han Empire, and the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period.   In fact, General Cao Cao, who went on to found the Wei Dynasty, and Sun Jian, whose military success paved the way for his son to found the Wu Dynasty, both gained their first military experience fighting against the Yellow Turbans. In a sense, then the Yellow Turban Rebellion spawned two of the three kingdoms.  The Yellow Turbans also allied themselves with another group of major players in the downfall of the Han Dynasty - the Xiongnu. Finally, the Yellow Turban rebels have served as role models for Chinese anti-government movements through the ages, including the Boxer Rebels of 1899-1900 and the modern-day Falun Gong movement.

Toy's role in a child's life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Toy's role in a child's life - Essay Example For instance, Barthes points out that toys are usually perceived basically a â€Å"microcosm of the adult world† (Callus & Herbrechter 150). Therefore, toys can be seen as reduced replicas of the humanly objects, an aspect that is used by the elders to belittle the children. Toys are therefore usually used to create a relatively small world that matches the sizes of the children thus enabling the children to be prepared for adulthood. However, in doing so, adults underestimate the power of creativity and imaginative capabilities possessed by children. Barthes has used the French toys to accurately epitomize the expected functions of the adult individuals in the world. By doing so, children are obviously prepared to accept the expected functions without any insightful thought thus enabling the â€Å"adult world† to be thrust upon the children as they grow up. The children are therefore hallowed to accept the societal acts in the environment without any curiosity. For instance, Barthes argues that the alibi of a nature is frequently used to create â€Å"soldiers, postman and Vespa’s† (Berger 33). This clearly shows that toys have been used to reveal the various things that are existent in the adult world. The toys therefore enables and conditions the children to grow into a world of adulthood through the assimilation of different duties in the world. For instance, toys such as soldiers and combative gadgets that are mostly used by boys help them to assume a more protective role in future whereas replicas of dol ls and kitchen gadgets which are mostly used by girls expresses their future roles as house wives. Equally important, Barthes labels the contemporary toys as faithful, truthful and complicated items. This is due to the fact that the present day children only use the toys as an owner and not as a creator. This implies that currently, children only purchase and own toys without really taking part in the toy’s creation process. Their interest is always

Plan Evaluation for Design Program Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Plan Evaluation for Design Program - Assignment Example The data collected will both be qualitative and quantitative in nature. Also in order to assess whether the teachers have understood the 5E’s mode of learning the teachers will be examined both as the workshops continue, and at the end of the series of workshops. The 5E’s mode of learning allows for better learning and understanding of scientific concepts in science subjects by students (Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 2000). Background of the Project The program is a new mode of teaching that is more effective when compared to the traditional mode of learning. The traditional mode of learning science subjects has been the use of textbooks by teachers to deliver scientific concepts to students and then later testing to assess whether the concepts have been captured by the students (Irvin, Buehl, & Radcliffe, 2006). This mode of learning encourages memorizing of facts rather than understanding them. It is for this reason that the new 5E’s mode of learning has been in troduced. This mode of learning involves a five step series of learning where students are Engaged in the first stage of learning, the next stage is Exploration followed by Explanation, Elaboration and Evaluation. At the engagement stage, an event, question or object is used to engage the students as a connection is created between what they know and what they can do. At the exploration stage, phenomena and objects are explored and hands on activities are carried out with guidance. At the explanation stage students are allowed to explain their understanding of processes and concepts as new skills and concepts are introduced to fro better understanding. At the elaboration stage students then engage in activities that enable them to apply concepts and build on their skill and understanding. In the last stage of evaluation students engage in activities that allow them to assess their skills and knowledge and teachers assess the lesson effectiveness and student development. The goals of this project are to enable teachers of science courses in middle school, give students a learning experience that is superior to the traditional approach of teaching (Lambros, 2004). The other goal is to develop the competencies and skills of the students and teachers by addressing any learning shortcomings of the textbooks. The teachers will also be developed professionally through research-based best practice. The objectives of this project on the other hand include: To equip the teachers with peer-recognized expertise in the teaching profession. Secondly, to equip the teachers with skills and knowledge that will enable them participate actively in sustained learning through their active participation in the workshops (5E’s learning model). Thirdly, to help the students be able to analyze the scientific knowledge presented in the textbooks. Fourthly, to enable students participate actively in learning by collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting and presenting qualit ative and quantitative data and incorporating this information into the broader context of the scientific knowledge (Copeland, 2005). The project will involve two professors that will be in-charge of the workshops which will be teaching the middle school teachers everything there is to know about the 5E’s model of teaching. The program will also involve twenty five teachers from middle

Auditor Predecessor Successor

Auditor Predecessor Successor Question: What is the purpose of predecessor-successor auditor communications? Which party, the predecessor or successor auditor, has the responsibility for initiating these communications? Briefly summarize the information that a successor auditor should obtain from the predecessor auditor. The purpose of the predecessor-successor auditor communications is to help an auditor determine if a firm should engage with a new client. This communication will inform the auditor about the history of the client with the previous auditor and possibly expose some information that would suggest that accepting this client is not in the best interest of the firm. In recent times it has become important to carefully choose with whom a firm engages in an agreement with for representing them as their auditor. Not only is the firms reputation at stake but they can be held liable for their clients fraudulent activities. The Auditing Standards Board has issued a Statement on Auditing Standards Number 84 in October of 1997. SAS No. 84 replaced the SAS No. 7 which has the same title and was written to update the statement to the present environment. SAS No. 84 defines the required communications between the predecessor and successor auditor before accepting an engagement; what to do when the predecessor limits the responses to the successor; contains sample client consent and an acknowledgement letter and a successor auditor acknowledgement letter. Many of the CPA firms use caution when accepting new clients and go through a detailed procedure before accepting a new client. This is necessary to protect the firm from potential future liabilities based on their clients activities. SAS No. 84 made several modifications or improvements to SAS No. 7 which include communications prior to engaging with the client, discusses the usage and types of working papers, discusses the use of different types of correspondence letters for the predecessor-successor with examples, and outlines actions that the successor should follow if the financial statements are found to be misstated. This Statement was then amended by no. 93 because the statement didnt address the case where an auditor started an audit but didnt complete it. SAS No. 93 clarifies the definition of the predecessor auditor to include this situation. The definition was refined to include any auditor who is engaged to perform an audit but does not complete it. In the ZZZZ Best case study, Greenspan was an independent auditor that completed an audit of the ZZZZ Best Company in 1986. He used analytical techniques to look at the financial data and he confirmed the existence of their jobs by reviewing their documents. After completion of the audit, Minkow that owned the ZZZZ Best Company dismissed Greenspan and retained Ernst Whinney as the companys auditor. A congressional subcommittee was probing into the predecessor-successor communications that occurred when this transition occurred. When the congressional subcommittee asked what information he provided to the successor auditor, Greenspan was said â€Å"Nothing. I did there was nothing because they never got in tough with me. Its protocol for the new accountant to get in touch with the old accountant. They never got in touch with me, and its still a mystery to me.† According to SAS no. 84, the successor cannot accept the new client until they have communicated with the predecessor and have reviewed their responses. Even though the successor is required to initiate the communication, the predecessor is required to respond. The predecessor is required to get permission from the client before providing any information about the client. This means that there is a possibility that the predecessor will state that they will not be providing any information but they must respond stating this. If the predecessor doesnt provide any information, this most likely means that the client doesnt want them to disclose some potentially harmful information about the client and raises some concerns about accepting the new client. In the ZZZZ Best Company case, Ernst Whinney said that they communicated with Greenspan prior to accepting ZZZZ Best as an audit client. They didnt state any details related to the communication and Greenspan did not confirm this communication. Even if Ernst Whinney did initiate communication with Greenspan, given that neither one confirmed the details of what was communicated means that Ernst Whinney didnt follow requirement of reviewing the predecessor responses before accepting the client. The successor auditor should obtain information that will help decide whether to accept the client as their auditor. The type of information that the successor auditor should be inquiring about is related to the integrity of the management and any disagreements that the predecessor had with the management over accounting or auditing procedures. If theres has been issues with management integrity or concerns about their integrity from the predecessor auditor, it most likely will be an ongoing concern which may cause problems in the future. Also, if the predecessor auditor had disagreements with the client about accounting or auditing procedures then it would best to discuss these procedures with the client before starting the engagement with the client. Another item that the successor auditor should request is access to the predecessors working papers. â€Å"SAS no. 84 includes a list of the working papers ordinarily made available to the successor, including documentation of planning, internal control, audit results and other matters of continuing accounting and auditing significance†.1 The predecessor may limit the access to this working papers for reasons such as confidentiality agreements or litigations. These working papers provide the good insight into the client and give exposure to the predecessor and clients working arrangements. They will be the fastest and most detailed information for evaluating the client. When responding to the successor after the initial communication, the predecessor may request a written agreement disclosing the terms of what they disclose. They may request that the successor keep the information confidential and agree not to engage in litigations against the predecessor related to the material disclosed. Another item they should discuss is the reasons for the change in auditors. This information could show some insight into any management integrity issues if the predecessor auditor withdrew as the auditor. The successor will need to document the communications with the predecessor. They should document when the communications occurred, the results of the communications, and details of what material was disclosed. Even though the communications may be oral instead of written, it is good practice to document the details of what communications were made and the nature of the communications. SAS No. 84 doesnt require the documentation of this communications but the successor auditors working papers should show the details of communications that occurred. The predecessor-successor auditor communications is the key to determining if the firm should accept the new client. This communication will allow significant information to be gathered in determining whether to proceed into an agreement or not. The success auditor must initiate the communication with the predecessor. The completion of this exchange of information is vital to protect the firm from potential future liabilities based on their clients activities.

Traditional Family In A Post Modern Society

In a post modern society such as Britain, are traditional family and marriage necessary? This essay will explore whether traditional family and marriage are necessary in Britain today. The change of societal views and attitudes will need to be considered, as well as analyzing statistical evidence. The ideology of the family and marriage will then be discussed and contrasted, in relation to various theoretical perspectives such as functionalism and post modernism.Government views and policies will also be reviewed in order to show how family has evolved for various family types. Before discussing if there is a necessity for traditional family and marriage in Britain today, it only seems logical to first understand what is meant by the term traditional family. A traditional family or nuclear family, as it is sometimes referred to as, consists of a heterosexual monogamous couple that are legally bound through marriage and their healthy, dependent 2. Children, Muncie et al. (1999). There is usually a clear division of labor where the male predominantly plays the instrumental role of the breadwinner and the female predominantly plays her expressive role as the homemaker and care giver, Bernard (1997). This is based on the theory of Functionalism (which has dominated theories until the mid 20th century). They seem to place importance on the division of labor, as they believe that this structure is the most effective way of performing family functions.This image of family would have been very accurate if it was based families around the 20th century as it was considered to be the norm, to get married and have a family with males and females playing their respective biological roles. According to Pascal (1986) in Muncie et al (1 999, pop), the Beverage Report recognized three key characteristics of the associated with the idea of he family; 1 Women are available to do housework and care for children and elderly relatives, without pay. 2 Couples consist of one full-time worker (usually a male breadwinner) and one ‘housewife' whose work outside the home is insignificant†¦ Women look to men for financial support. As time has evolved the idea of what family is has become varied and not quite as meticulous in its structure, although this is still the image of some households. These characteristics that are noted in The Beverage Report may be deemed as dated by most individuals in the 21 SST century, as it is evident that family Structure has changed dramatically. This report would have been disregarded by feminists, as a patriarchal family is not what they believe in. This clearly shows the woman as being dependent on a man.According to data from the Office of National Statistics (2012), it is clear that the nuclear family (married parents with an average of 2 child dependents) has continued to be the most ordinary family type, although this number has slowly begun to decrease as the years have moved on. What can also be identified is that the number of people in other family types, for example single parent families and same-sex families, has begun to increase gradually. This suggests that people are beginning to accept that ‘family' does not have to be the ‘traditional nuclear family.The fact that it is documented at all shows that there is no huge necessity for marriage as there once was. Also there is the opinion as per Duncan and Phillips (2008, up), that ‘marriage and unmarried cohabitation are socially similar (as agreed by two-thirds of individuals when surveyed) and one-third felt that ‘unmarried cohabitation shows as much commitment as marriage'. There is also the suggestion that cohabiting relationships are actually lasting longer, for example in 2006 it was . 9 years, compared to 6. 5 years in 2000.This demonstrates how views and relationship types have changed in Britain, as if this survey Was done in the early 20th century there probably would have been remarkable difference in th e responses and the types of relationship people were part of. Postmodernists such as Bernard (1997) believe that society needs to accept family diversity, as you would accept different classes, ethnicities and sexual orientation. This assumption of their only being one proper family form needs to be eradicated, as anything outside of this form will been seen as inferior. Morocco (1968) cited in Muncie et al. 1999) suggested the idea of the nuclear family as being a universal. The traditional nuclear family is based on the ideology of families. This ideology is shaped by both the state and the media and it seems to be heavily promoted, whereas other family types might be seen as deviant. It could be argued that this idea of a traditional family is becoming less of an option. According to Elution in Fox (2009, IPPP-459) in order for some families to cope with the strain of ‘domestic labor and paid employment', both spouses are having to share the responsibility of reducing a sa lary through paid work.This suggests that in some households the option of a traditional family lifestyle is unavailable to them, based on the way in which this capitalist state has evolved. According to Duncan and Phillips (2008, Pl), ‘Family life is no longer equated with the married couple'. This implies that this model of the family could be seen as unrealistic in this present modern society, as it simply ignores the different variations that we can now expect within a family unit, such as single parent families, same-sex families and step families to name a few.The legislation is that there is no family norm and no definite definition to the term family. ‘Marriage, as a social institution, may have simply been reformed, widened and ‘modernized' rather than being ‘decreed'†¦ If this family form were indeed ‘decreed', we would expect to find that those who live apart from their partners, solo living and same-sex partnerships are seen as equivale nt, rather than inferior family forms', Duncan and Phillips (2008, pop). The Postmodernism approach seems to take this diversity of family types into account and therefore pushes for this diversity to be accepted within society.This could be considered to be a more appropriate observation of British society today. This approach family is characterized by ‘choice, freedom, diversity, ambivalence and fluidity', Harmless and Holbrook (2007, IPPP). This suggests that individuals are more open to live their lives as they please, without judgment and humiliation. According to McNeil et al (2003, up) more and more people delay forming their own families; some may choose to remain Single or childless. This has led some sociologists to argue that there is such a thing as a postmodern family.This is a more modernized term that Seems to embody what British society is like today. Maybe the term traditional family needs to become redundant and replaced by the more flexible term postmodern family? This may be seen as a more appropriate portrayal of family life in a post modern society. Post-war women had the demands of devoting their lives to their men with domestic roles becoming imminent, Muncie et al (1999). The roles of women have now changed, for the majority. They now have more rights which could affect the dynamics of the family.In the past a non married woman might have been considered to be a spinster, but now they tend to be labeled as independent professional women. Some of these changes are down to feminists taking a stand for equal treatment of men and women and eliminating patriarchy, Bernard (1997). This can be evidenced with the Equal Pay Act in 1970, where feminists thought for the right for women to be paid the same salary as their male counterparts, when doing the same role, Lynn Seal in Muncie et al (1997).Another major turning point for women was in 1 918 when they were finally given the right to vote, after years of campaigning from the suffragis ts and suffragettes, Women and the Vote, (no date). It is apparent that feminists have conflicting views to the functionalists ND new right regarding the idea of the traditional nuclear family, as they would possibly prefer a more symmetrical family where the authority is shared. They might argue that traditional family and marriage are not necessary, as traditional family in particular is perceived as more beneficial to men.Gender appears to be Of some importance, as stated by Duncan and Phillips (2008, up), because ‘according to individualistic theory it is women who often lead change, as they break away from traditional and ‘antidisestablishmentarianism and seek fairer and more equal ones'. Feminists Barrett and McIntosh (1 982), maintain that this traditional nuclear family type is anti-social because it exploits women and benefits capitalism, whilst perceiving the more unconventional family types as in adequate.It is evident that societal attitudes have changed over time regarding the acceptance of the various family lifestyle choices. Society has become ethnically diverse and it could be considered as less judgmental. One of the most recent examples of this change is the consideration, by the coalition government, for gay marriages. The bill is to be submitted as early as next ear; with it becoming law by as early as 2015, Hennessey (2012).This insinuates that the coalition government are starting to adopt a more post modern view regarding family and marriage. Although according to McCarthy and Edwards (2011 a more recent concept known as New right, which supports many of the primary functionalist beliefs including the importance of monogamous marriage, the nuclear family and the division of labor in maintaining stability within society, is the view currently held by the coalition government.According to Mainland (2012) Deed Mainland has stated that, â€Å"There are many ay couples of faith and there are many faith groups that embrace gay pe ople and so it's only right for faith groups that wish to conduct same-sex marriages to be allowed to do so under law†. He believes that there needs to be marriage equality for gay couples with the ‘right to marry in churches, synagogues and meeting houses' that are willing to accommodate them.If this bill is pasted it may well be another significant triumph for the equality of gay couples since their right to adopt in the UK in 2005 and being allowed to have civil partnerships in 2005, Ross, Gas and Barrington (2011). These hanged were made through The New Labor Government from 1 997, which seemed to embrace the reality of the diversity of family types. This action can be perceived as necessary as it shows that the government have been taking steps to establishing equality and rights for gay people and regarding them as they would a married couple.They also showed great support for single mothers offering them financial support and paid childcare, Bourbons (2012). This in itself could be seen as evidence of traditional family not being necessary in Britain today and it also shows the support that is been received y these supposed ‘deviant' family types. This illustrates the rights that gay couples are starting to receive which are the same as a married couple and the support that single parents get from the state. Single parent families are becoming more common with the rise in divorce and separation.Since the Divorce Reform Act 1969 there has been a rise in divorce in England and Wales, Bourbons (2009). Also Rodgers (2011) explains how Data published by the Office for National Statistics, indicates that since 2009 there has been a 4. 9% increase from 113,949 to 119,589 in 2010. Single parent families seem o bring about the idea of living in a welfare state, where some individuals are preoccupied by state handouts instead of actually supporting themselves. Margaret Thatcher gave a speech in 1 987, which she clearly shows her condemnation of how society had become.She maintained that some individuals became complacent and dependent on the state to provide for them, because of the benefits that they were permitted to. She suggested that, ‘people have got the entitlements too much in mind without the obligations', Key (1987). This suggests that some individuals take advantage f the help that is offered and decide not to satiate their obligations of I. E. Trying to find a job. It can be considered as an effortless alternative for some, enabling their unwillingness to work.Although the welfare state was initially aimed at tackling poverty, it became apparent to some that it actually created more problems. Locks (2000) stated that the idea of the ‘nanny stats? and a ‘culture of dependency' started to emerge. It seems very fitting that the government is now trying to put a stop to this reliance on the state by capping the benefits that out of work individuals are entitled to (http:// www. Conservatives. Com/ Policy/Where_we_stand/Jobs_and_Welfare. Asps; no date).It will be made law that anyone claiming out of work benefits will not be able to receive more than EWE,OHO per year, which is what the average person earns in employment. By implementing this cap, in 201 3, the government could be seen as trying to create a much fairer system for families and possibly promoting the notion that everyone should work. Although there has been a rise in divorce rates there also seems to be a high level of remarriage, which means that the number of reconstituted families is also on the rise as indicated by Duncan and Phillips (2008).This could signify that marriage and family is still of some importance to most individuals and regarded as necessary, although there is a rise in divorce, these same individuals are still opting to remarry and create their own family form. In conclusion, it is evident that traditional family and marriage are not necessary in a post modern society such as Britain, althoug h it is still considered as important to some individuals. Family in general seems to have some importance to most individuals, regardless of the family form.The rotational nuclear family is still seen as the preferred family type according to New right and Functionalists; nonetheless it seems realistic to accept that society has become more flexible in regards to their views on family due to the changes that have occurred. Looking at family from a postmodernist and feminist view it is evident that society is diverse and it makes sense to adopt an understanding nature towards family situations and types.

Darkside of the Industrial Revolution Exposed in Poems by...

In England during the industrial revolution there was a lot of poverty and pollution, especially in the main towns where the mass unemployment and people often had to go into the work houses. The conditions that they were made to work in were overcrowded. There was no sanitation or anywhere to clean, and there was a large amount of pollution. These all led to diseases among the workers. Some of the jobs that the children were made to do were chimney sweeping or selling matches. Adults had to do bone crushing for fertilisers, working in kitchens and doing the laundry for rich people. At the time there were three poets that all felt strongly about the appalling conditions and they were, William Blake, Michael Thomas Sadler and Percy Bysshe†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœCharter’d’ is repeated when Blake writes, ‘Near where the chater’d Thames does flow’. Here, Blake is being ironic as a river is a symbol of nature, and therefore it should not be owned, however the rich possessed most of the land so in that way they indirectly owned the rivers as well. In the second verse Blake uses repetition in the words ‘in every’ to stress the suffering that people went through in those times. In the line ‘In every infant’s cry of fear’ Blake is emphasising that in those days suffering began at birth, he is also being ironic because for us it is not normal in England for children to born into suffering but unfortunately in those days it was, even though it shouldn’t of been. He was trying to emphasise this to show that it shouldn’t be happening. In the line ‘In every voice, in every ban’ Blake is trying to get us to understand that in this time of industrial revolution that it wasn’t just a few people that were affected, it was many and that the people who had power and money they thought it was okay to put restrictions on their lives and felt that some of it was their own fault. Blake uses a metaphor in the last line of the second verse in ‘The mind-forg’d manacles I hear.’ This is a metaphor because they are being controlled by the church, shown in the word ‘manacles’ as if they were prisoners of the church. Blake also uses a metaphor in

Managing Risk In Building Or Highway Work - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 20 Words: 5859 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1 Introduction Managing risk should be a fundamental part of bidding for Building or Highways work. Risk is described by Atkinson (2001) as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“probability of an occurrence of a hazard and the magnitude of the consequencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Consequently risk may also be considered as the possibility of an experience happening and the resultant effect of the experience if it ere to take place. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Managing Risk In Building Or Highway Work" essay for you Create order As defined by RICS (2010) risk management is a means of processes where risks are recognised, examined and then of course controlled. It is a constant cycle that begins at the pretender stage; this means that risks of events are put into a bid from the start and also at the end of construction. During the different phases of a project, many new even previously un-thought of risks materialise throughout. Recognising them quickly allows faster mitigation; in order to reduce impact risk has on the project. This study has examined the inaccuracy of pretender process of managing risk with the use of both pretender and contract registers. There were also opportunities, they were recognised. The subject area of risk was selected following discussions with managers and work colleagues, during my 2010 placement year with Sir Robert McAlpine (SRM). This topic was considered as an ideal subject area for a research project because SRM were improving the system they currently incorporate. So the plan of the study was to advise any conclusions made on the research, so as to further enhance the pretender practice within SRM. My colleagues gave me some risk data sheets for a few projects. The emphasis being on highway construction, as this information was available from my placement and SRM. 1.2 Rationale The subject of what to research developed from consultations with colleagues and the line manager at SRM. My colleagues were interested in the managing of risk and were working to improve SRMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pretender risk process to ensure it replicated the contract phase a bit more. This therefore illustrated a requirement in the business and indeed construction for research in to this topic area. The main reason for eventually electing the subject area of risk was the open access of information provided by SRM and the contact with knowledgeable personnel in my placement. This gave a better understanding of the procedures, allowing greater understanding in subject area of risk. In addition access was gained during placement to potential data in the form of contract and pretender risk registers from various Highway works undertaken by SRM. The aim of the research as came about by undertaking literary research, up to that point none of the data was collected, or plan formulated of how to use the data. The aim was to understand how pretender recognition of risks may be inaccurate. After that considering how it could be improved and whether it was possible to do so. Subsequently, recording any conclusions of pretender process in order to develop and better it. 1.3 Hypothesis, Aims and main Objectives 1.3.1 Aims Were to see if management of the contractual risks identifies significant additional risks that the pretender risk process failed to recognise and thus determine how inaccurate the pretender risk process is. 1.3.2 Objectives Find the processes presently employed to deal with risk, in both contractual and pretender phases and in recognising and measuring them. Investigate if important additional contractual risks recognised were within the pretender phase register. Compare SRMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s risk management processes with other contractors and analyse to find the best solution. If possible, note any resulting conclusions and input results within the pretender register then produce a new and accurate one. 1.3.3 Hypothesis The management of contractual risks in Highway construction successfully identifies additional risks, consequently pretender appraisal has become inaccurate. 1.4 Overview of work done / Methodology 1.4.1 SRM schemes/jobs The SRM jobs used on the research comprised of, M1 J25-28, and A19 upgrade (both Highways Agency jobs) and M74 Glasgow council, all Highway projects. A19 was Term Maintenance Contract (TMC) whereas M1 J25-28 and M74 upgrade were (MAC) contracts. When examining the A19 upgrade the contractual records were acquired but the pretender risk records were not. However the contractual records were compared to a risk bid from a different project. Not ideal but the only solution at the time. The majority of the items were related, so comparable/related items were drawn from the pretender items, then included in the A19 contract register. An evaluation was done involving the contract and pretender risks. To do this the max, min, probable costs in addition to the likelihood of a risk event were incorporated from contract and pretender appraisals. A total assessment of the risks was calculated via averaging the max, min as well as probable costs which are multiplied against the likelihood of the risk event. All risks types were identified, in order to distinguish trends in risks recognised at the pretender and found in contract phase or were not found at all. The A19 contract risk register was distinctive to M1 J25-28 and M74 upgrade registers as it didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t contain costs. Every risk was divided by its probability and impact, whether that was high, medium or low appraisal. The pretender register, risk items were fitted against the occurring contractual register items. To see if every item in the registers were done, costs and probabilities were assigned to the A19 contractual risk method of appraisal. In getting a total assessment, both probability and risk price were multiplied. These costs were then evaluated against the overall pretender costs. 1.4.2 Highway contractor Interviews Interviews via telephone were conducted with a few companies to really see what processes are used at post contract and pretender. Also to find out how precise these methods are. Companies interviewed were: Morgan EST. Vinci Balfour Beatty May Guerney 1.4.3 Literature Review In order to understand the risk management procedures in construction and more specifically in Highways work a literary review was embarked on. This meant the research would gain an appreciation of the perception of risk by construction, prior to any literary review, my personal experience had only come from SRMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective and the processes they use. In order to gain real understanding and to funnel clearly on what my hypothesis stated, it was decided to split the literature review into two sections. One section, comprising of processes used by industry, taken from an assortment of books. The second section being that of SRMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s highways process and accompanying documents. This makes it possible for an assessment to be conducted between SRM and the other contractors, like how different stages of a contract work in Highway works. 1.5 Overview of conclusions Both the information gained and analysis undertaken, imply the data could sustain the theory and main aims. Due to a large risk amount being found in contractual phase that was not previously seen at pretender. Even though assessments for any one risk were fairly inexact, overall assessment of pretender and contractual seemed strong. Showing pretender registers was inaccurate and needed to be better if assessments and risk management has to become more reliable. 1.6 Report Guide 1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Introduction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" An opening on the managing of risk in the dissertation while validating the basis in selecting the subject area. The introduction states the aims, objectives and hypothesis that the researched was established upon, as well as outlining the work done and an overview of the Conclusions. 2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Methodology à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Explains the methods used to investigate my hypothesis, from Literature review, approaches used in analysis and review of information and any outcomes. This expresses the reasons for utilising the techniques chosen also any research restrictions. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s meant to be a methodical, simple approach to how things were done. 3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Literature Review à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" This chapter contains my understanding and Knowledge of the subject area. Done by means of, studying the risk process used in management through books, journals and the internet. Allowing a greater comprehension of risk in Highways work, and how ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s viewed and used. 4 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Results and Analysis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Confirms the outcome in the investigation and subsequent breakdown of SRMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s jobs as well as the Highway contractors interviews. It outlines the judgments made concerning the pretender and contractual assessments. The Hypothesis was then tested against the information found, to see if its statement is true or false. 6 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Conclusionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" This analyses all the results in relation to the hypothesis and if thereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s is any basis that it will hold up. Detailing limitations affecting the research, while also imparting proposals for both industry and any future dissertations. 2 Methodology 2.1 Introduction Methodologies are vital to the accomplishments of research and must be dealt with care in order for the most appropriate research methods to be chosen (Fellows and Liu, 2008). The methodology outcome depended on the subject area, research aims and amount of literature review obtained. For data collection and analysis, the methods employed ought to be realising the aims and objectives so as to continually test the hypothesis and validate the research. The information that was obtainable and available played a huge role, as work on the dissertation could not be done if the information wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t relevant. The information therefore can be decided by the hypothesis, as if the information was not on hand then one cant trial the hypothesis. Due to these factors, risk management was identified as an appropriate topic from the beginning, but it wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t until the research was started that defining the hypothesis was possible, yet having an impression of the aims and objectives that were to be accomplished. From the off, the aim was to gauge how precise pretender risk management was, even if unsure of the data and information existing prior to consulting SRM team. Ultimately this section highlights the research methods utilised in the research, and the close association that has been made when doing so between the methods and Aim, hypothesis and objectives. 2.2 Aim Employed to help concentrate the methodology in choosing the right methods, also to clarify to the person who reads the dissertation what precisely was being investigated. So this shall be done by recalling the Aim set out: To see whether the post contract risk process identifies key additional risks that the pretender risk process failed to recognise and thus determine how inaccurate pretender risk process is. 2.3 Quantitative and Qualitative methods In Data collection there are two key styles; quantitative and qualitative forms of research. Quantitative method, being a grouping of information done using figures, which is then evaluated by arithmetical trials to trial an assumption or theory (Creswell, 1994). While the Qualitative method was quite different, instead using connotations, previous incidents and words (Naoum, 2007). Quantitative Methods can be less difficult in examining; it creates measurable outcomes that create analytical arithmetical results. They tend to be better for others to read and understand. While, qualitative information from research has a tendency to be complicated as it often requires researcher input and manipulation to ensure ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s appropriate for investigative procedures (Fellows and Liu, 2008). The methods adopted depend upon data obtainable as well as the research itself. By executing good research, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s generally required and essential to use both quantitative an d qualitative. Therefore a mixture of the two was brought to play, for a more correct and more reliable conclusion; more is detailed further in this section. 2.4 Literature Review As mentioned previously literary appraisal was undertaken; providing a core subject knowledge in risk management of Highway construction. The idea in doing this was grasping how risk was analysed in Highway construction sector, and the procedures used in controlling it. Next research was done to discover how risk was managed, by using literature in form of books and journals. Then see SRMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s risk management process from their risk management documentation. Dividing the literature review in two sections meant that one of the objectives could be fulfilled by comparing SRMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s risk management approach with other construction companies. By doing the literary appraisal it imparted a better comprehension of the chosen topic of risk, and illustrated the problems and successes in risk management. While also showing the diverse and numerous ways in managing risk, and how the approach identified and selected can depend on many issues like project type, contract used or even size of companies and jobs themselves. The list literature sources below were used in delivering the dissertation: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Textbooks à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"were very useful in gaining the relevant knowledge of risk management, and procedures used. Books located in the library were discovered using the computer search engines. using. Chapters needed or thought appropriate were studied, and compared against searches that had been made on the internet. A check system, which assessed the validity of both sources of information against each other. With much of the research it became apparent that information in books available werenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t current especially in the older series of books. Despite this it wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t a predicament for Risk management as texts of up to ten years old were and are significant and applicable now, with some techniques having improved. The books allowed for great comparison for up to date information on the internet. Journals à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" were again located on the Loughborough University library database, which with the relevant buzz words located material of use. Finding journals proved difficult in comparison to textbook numbers, yet the sources were helpful. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Internet à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" supplied a platform for research of literature. Being easy to use and handy, collating information could be done at speed and with relative ease. It allowed greater understanding of what type of book would be needed from the library. Information from the internet was important but it had its limits and it was vital to know that it can be inaccurate and cause misguidance, research can be more guaranteed with text and journals. This way of thinking about limitations in using the internet was in mind when searching websites on risk in the construction. Finding various helpful websites any information was compared other websites in order to increase reliability, but most importantly against book and journals. As with all research appropriate sources of reliability were identified and used like the RICS website. Two editorials from RICS site provided constructive, and were used in the literature review. In finding books the internet was most use ful as many articles on websites highlighted book of particular relevance and use. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ SRMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Risk Management Procedures document à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" SRMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s risk management procedure document was used as section two of the literature review. Reading through the document and important information was used in the literature review, particularly, on the processes used by SRM in risk management. A comparison was made between SRMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s procedures and with those found in the first half of the literature review. 2.5 Data Collection When actually collecting the data for the research the collection was again split into two parts. The initial data collection was from SRM projects, other data collection was associated to other contractors. The intention was to compare the risk procedures, and attempt at analysing which was the superior one. The next section shows how all the data collection was collected and prepared. 2.5.1 SRM Projects The information on the SRM jobs were formed while in placement during 2010, while working on the M1, involved in subcontractor packages and various Quantity surveying related work. Prior to any data collection, discussions with colleagues and senior managers took place in order to help formulate and aid the research as what would be required in terms of data. At this stage no hypothesis had been decided, the idea was to assess the accuracy of risks in the pretender assessments. Therefore colleagues stated and recommended the use of valid information in the form pretender and contractual risk registers could be provided. The contracts that would be made available were the M1 J25-28 scheme, A19 upgrade and M74 Glasgow project. Three similar Motorway/road maintenance projects that differ from each other contractually. A19 upgrade was a TMC to maintain, operate a network of strategic roads in the North East. M1 J25-28 and M74 are both MAC contracts for similar maintenance one in the midlands and the latter in Glasgow. A19 upgrade and M1 J25-28 are HA run, while M74 was for the Glasgow city council. The HA run their contracts by splitting their contracts into 13 sections in the UK, and in these projects cases offer for the extension and maintenance of the roads within these sections. The reason that A19 upgrade was a TMC but M1 J25-28 and M74, MAC based contracts were that previous to the MAC HA projects were also run with the TMC contract, but now all is done under MAC style. The contracts run for 5 years with optional extensions. Different sections of maintenance start and end at different areas on the motorway in question over a 5 year cycle, meaning that when MAC contracts were first used, some sections werenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t using them and using TMC etc A19 upgrade was a TMC completed in 2009, whereas M1 J25-28 scheme was a modern MAC contract just saw completion in late 2010. The difference in MACà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and TMC are TMC two separate companies, one as managing agent the other as main contractor. MAC consists of the 1 contractor, running both as an agent to the client and as main contractor on site. Using the three contracts as the basis for the research the risk manager on the placement at SRM provided a pretender register for the M1 J25-28 risk management and A19 contractual phase, both of which he had involvement on. Trying to get pretender ones for M74 was problematic but couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t find any. In order to have a full complete analysis, it was decided that for M74 to use another MAC pretender risk register. Pretty much similar to M74 except the location geographically. For sure this would create limitations but it could possible in using another risk register as SRM do when starting on a new comparable bids. So similarities would be high and that as long as it was noted in the dissertation as to its use and reasons why. Due to the generic nature of the risks they were deemed suitable as with what SRM do in practice. While on placement working on the M1 J25-28 contract meant developing contacts with colleagues who work day in day out on the subject are. Therefore requesting registers on M1 job was easier than the other jobs. The A19 contractual register came to me inn the same way. Getting the M74 contractual register, as the risk team on my placement had contact details for which to enquire with and the registers were duly emailed. 2.5.2 Rival Highway Contractors Obtaining information via rivals in the sector of road maintenance was much more difficult than from SRM sources, as they were very protective of information they gave out. The SRM jobs were Highways related, so the focus was getting some from Highway firms. By doing additional data collection it allowed for an honest comparison between SRM and other contractors. The methods were expected to have been alike if not the same, involving different construction projects; the data was likely to be different. The plan was to send questionnaires to the chosen contractors, but after unsuccessful returns it became apparent that another route would be needed, so interviews via telephone were deemed suitable. It seemed with written survey, contractors were inclined to take no notice of it or put a more generic thoughtless answer, While via a telephone interview response to the questions asked would be immediate and better, with no real confusion of what the question was asking as myself in person could explain. The Highway contractors contacted were: Morgan est. Vinci Balfour Beatty May Guerney A semi-structured set of questions was planned in order to gain the information required but also allowed telephone participant to elaborate and discuss the subject in a friendly professional manner. Contractors in Highways works were contacted, the dissertation of Risk Management was explained with the aims and objectives that needed to be achieved and asked the below queries: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Does your company possess a methodology for the management of pretender risks? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ How does your company detect risks in the pretender phase? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ How does your company calculate final risk totals? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Does your company undertake risk management after the contractual phase? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Could I obtain a pretender and or contractual risk register to use in my research (for the Highways project you are on)? Each Contractor interviewed was told research being undertaking intended in contrasting data in pretender phase against the contractual as well as any assessments made. The questions were supposed to see what processes companies used in managing risks. Overall the different companies were helpful in answering these questions. The Fifth and final question was done to get registers like that gained from SRM. It was the only difficult part as many refused to hand registers over from live projects due to the sensitivity of their data and company policies. However some registers were received but didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t really contain the crucial information required just a formatted company risk register. Throughout the interviews, notes were made on the first four questions and the results put into a table at the time of the interview showing the company and their response to each question. Thus, making analysis easier when looking at the responses later in the dissertation. 2.6 Analysis of data Prior to analysis, the research had assessed how SRM price risks. It was crucial in knowing this before as it established the type of analysis would that be approved, and is detailed below. Upon formulating the risks that have been identified each risk will be categorised with maximum, most likely, minimum values and probability. The data was put through a programme @ RISK formulates hundreds of simulations, creating a graph showing the data. The 75th percentile is put in the final pretender as the final risk total. SRM do this for all of their projects. For this dissertation we were concerned in the risks recognised and individual costing risks as shown in paragraph above with min, max and probable etc. The focal point being what was keyed in to @ RISK as opposed to what it produces. For the Data analysis the SRM contracts have been split into their individual projects and the Other Highway contractors. The reason for splitting the SRMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s projects was that the analysis varied in parts by way it had been collected as mentioned earlier (some with full risk registers some in part). 2.6.1 M1 J25-28s scheme and M74 Glasgow Analysis for M1 and M74 projects were pretty much the same. The M1 contract and pretender risk register could be matched up to the pretender and contractual registers for the M74 contract risks, due to them being MACs. In evaluating the accurateness of the risk registers and appraisals made, comparable risks to contractual register were then removed from the pretender. When comparing values in matching risks, it was vital to have a total value for both pretender and contractual registers. The best and most impartial methods for pretender register were to average the minimum, maximum, probable figures then multiplying by likelihood of the event. These were a range of potential expenses which could be incurred by the risk, and any total cost was decided to be an average of these, as all projects had them. As its unknown as to ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s actually occurrence the average should be multiplied by the probability, which gives a total potential cost to the risk. While the contract risk registers should be considered by severity and possibility by scale of 1-5, and then an assessment of the risk was undertaken, figuring out the most likely value as well as minimum and maximum. Mitigation measures are identified for each risk, and then assessment was done again as before the mitigation. The M74 didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have min prices in its contractual register, therefore all risks were assumed to be zero. Without any minimum values any overall assessments of the risk would not have been made. The reason for not using the likely value instead was so the data would use a range of values. It was decided greater accuracy would be found in setting the minimum as zero and range of values than the most likely. By setting all its risks as zero means they are an unimportant minimum value or a risk/event that doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t happen. The M1 contract register had all the necessary values so no intervention was needed. Both contract risk registers failed to show any probability, just a likelihood scale from 1-5. Therefore it was assumed, giving the scale a percentage instead, 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 90%. Then the total appraisals of the contractual registers were done through an identical method. Where similar contractual risks could be distributable to a few pretender risks in a register or vice versa, the total appraisal amounts were split by the quantity of risk items, in preventing them being counted twice. This was tabulated under the headings; the contract risks, pretender risks, information put into the registers, and total assessment. The contract risks were then categorised: Unrecognised however is protected (No value). Unrecognised but not protected à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" ought to have been recognised. Unrecognised à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" unable to recognise. Recognised while also protected. Identified yet unprotected. Each risk was grouped by colour to state which category from above it fell in. 2.6.2 A19 upgrade The breakdown of the A19 job was began in a similar way to the M1 J25-28 and M74 contracts. The measurement total cost for pretender register was done the same as in the other projects by averaging and the different range of values and dividing by probability of them occurring. When totalling the contract risks differences became apparent as the register calculated risks another way, as there were no costs. So Instead they were measured under the probability and impact style grid, using severity status as guides, whether that be low, medium or high. So in order to measure the total value of risks would mean assigning each risk a value and probability based on the risk severity system used, then times the two numbers to get the total assessment for that given risk This therefore required the assignment of cost and probabilities to be accurate. So by using the Risk severity matrix as used by SRM, a cost could be associated to a certain risk level. With use of the grid SRM review probability/likelihood with a scale from 1-5 and assign costs in numerical order of the probability scale for impact: Below  £1,000 Between  £1,000  £10,000 Between  £10,000  £100,000 Between  £100,000  £1,000,000 Above  £1,000,000 The figures above seemed a very useful guide and perfect to use, create a good range that could be easily used in analysis. The likelihoodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s for the risks events were given percentages instead of low, medium, high, so as to fit in to correspond and be like the information found in M1 and M74 projects, so: Low being 10%, Medium at 50% High 90%. These numbers were chosen as the provided not too certain outcomes for low and high at 10 and 90 percent, while the medium suited to being the mid point between the two figures. So in getting the total risk value, costs timesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ probability. Then the rest of the analysis followed the same steps taken by M1 and M74 data analysis. 2.6.3 Analysis summary The tables of data for all three projects showing the comparisons made are in the appendices. These tables were only a start in analysing data as they on their own only show limited information that cannot fully test the hypothesis. So Risk recognition was key objective and so a list was formulated of any risks recognised, not recognised and not assessed, were omitted. From this list, risks could be categorised and therefore see which type of items could or could not be seen in pretender by the bid team. Now having had risks recognised and risks unrecognised as threats in pretender meant potentially testing a hypothesis as to whether pretender stage is inaccurate. From this new data 2 graphs were made highlighting and representing more clearly the type of items in registers that was recognised in pretender and those that werenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t. A review table was then drawn to finally account for the contract risks and categorised as below: Unrecognised however is protected (No value). Unrecognised but not protected à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" ought to have been recognised. Unrecognised à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" unable to recognise. Recognised while also protected. Identified yet unprotected. This table only really accounted for risks in pretender register which corresponded with contract risk, but not the other way round. So it didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t account for all risks found in pretender bid or how many werenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t in the contract register. So a total evaluation of risks featured in the pretender bid but not in the contract register, so as to fully see the accuracy or inaccuracy of it. As a result a Pretender table of risks recognised at contractual phase was made and the total appraisals done at both pretender bid and contractual phase were compared and contrasted. Last part glimpsed through inaccuracies of pretender register. Done by removing risks identified in pretender and contractual documents, the disparities then tabulated. The variations were categorised, and detailed in a Histogram. 2.6.4 Rival Highway Contractors The ways in which the other Highway teams identified assessed risks at pretender stage, were investigated. This was done by referring back to the table formulated at the time of the interviews. Proceeding with recognition and classification methods, digging out the methods used, what company used what method type. The same was done for the appraisals of risk, so formed 2 pie charts showing the recognition and appraisal of the rival companies risk management processes. It illustrates the most popular methods used by the Highway Contractorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ interviewed. These methods were compared against the methods SRM use. Many of the companies did turn down the opportunity in handing over information, citied by them as the company policies not to do so and the information is delicate. However some registers were received but didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t really contain the crucial information required just a formatted company risk. Also it proved difficult to obtain pretender and contra ctual registers, instead receiving one without having the other to compare against. Need to fill in contractors interviewed etc!!!!! It was very helpful to look at the various formats of different registers that companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s used, and the information put in them so that the risks could be managed properly. Nevertheless without a full set of pretender and post contract sets of registers, any statistical comparison of assessments made and risks identified at the different stages was impossible. Snapshots from Contactors registers were taken to show data gained and the limitation of them. Also after the telephone interviews a assessment was made of the methods used by the Highway contractors, against that of SRM. The accurateness of the Highway Contractors assessments of risk could not be explored and would have to be taken with trust and a pinch of slat. 2.7 Research Limitations Many limitations were found in the research affecting both its dependability and validity. This would be expected in any research, as acknowledgement of the faults strengthens the ideas and case put forward. The sections below show the limitation found and show their resultant affect on research and the dissertation as a whole. 2.7.1 Data limitations SRM schemes: From the aim and hypothesis already set out, the ideas was to see the inaccuracies of pretender methods and how it recognised or appraised items found within a contractual stage, compare the pretender with contractual registers for the one job or similar or job. So limitations occurred quickly even in the start of data collection, as there was no risk register for A19 pretender. As the pretender document had been misplaced/ lost another risk register from a similar project pretender was used. This was done as a lot of the risks were similar within in the similar project, but contract specific risks mean that they arenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t precisely the same. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s important to note that when using assessments of parallel risk types, the risks are in reality different. Therefore the Total risk figure used in the bid will be different as it depends on many other factors than the risk itself. Using a similar project type etc. was the only way to really deal with the shortfall in data needed, even if it does reduce reliability. This has occurred largely in the assessment section of the analysis and quantifying the reliability would be another dissertation task in itself. The roles of risk registers were ensuring that construction groups can recognise risk and opportunities that could help or hider a project, so that steps can be taken to reduce risks and increase opportunities. Risks are constantly assessed, so people know risks that could cause problems to project and which could be beneficial. This allows key risks to take precedence and be mitigated if needed, overall keeping the right risk fresh. The process tends to be reassessed monthly, when risks are changed in terms of severity and assessed and re-measured, some removed due to no risk, while others and added. Risks are only removed or closed when thereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s little chance of future occurrence. This removal of risk has had an impact and limits research as when the pretender register was put side by side with the contract register, any assessment was not with risks found at pretender phase, only items which took place. Items in pretender registers will be ones believed by the pretender personnel to likely happen later within project time span, so will need to be mitigated. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s important to note that not every recognised risk at pretender or contact phase take place, so the registers that are formulated to manage them are never going to be full proof to that actual value and probabilities they show. So any assessment made canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be precise actually comparing a pretender registers with risks that have been managed and happened. In real world this doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t happen as they are not recognised when they transpire. Other Highway Contractors: When collecting information from other Highway contractors, many didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t give the information required due to their companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s policies of offloading such data as it was valued. As a result contractors any registers received where either non-specific lists of items, live registers from projects without any values. It seemed impossible to get hold of pretender or contractual registers including all costs. Meaning a true and complete analysis could not be completed for highway contractors. As I have worked for SRM they were content for their information to be used, as they could potentially use the dissertation to develop their management of risks and their procedures. The SRM registers were easy to acquire and probably became a limitation as it decreased the amount of the research undertaken and subsequently the authority. 2.7.2 Methodology Limitations The main limitations to analysing data, was in total calculations when comparing assessments at pretender against contractual phase. Risk Items were appraised with the use of minimum, maximum, probable costs as well as the risk event likelihoodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, comparing the overall assessments would have been hard, without a total value of the information. Any final measurement may produce inaccuracies as usually it would be run through @ RISK. So misinterpretation of data could be possible.